1. What are the impacts of cyberbullying and online harassment, and what strategies can be implemented to prevent them?

Answer: Cyberbullying and online harassment occur when digital tools such as the internet, social media, and mobile phones are used to bully, threaten, or disturb others.

Impacts of Cyberbullying and Online Harassment:

• Emotional and Mental Health Issues: Stress, anxiety, depression, fear, and low self-esteem.
• Physical Health Problems: Sleep disorders, headaches, and stomach pain due to stress.
• Academic Problems: Poor concentration and avoiding school.
• Social Isolation: Withdrawal from friends and damage to reputation.

Prevention Strategies:

• Practice responsible digital citizenship and think before posting.
• Use platform safety tools such as block and report.
• Do not engage with bullies and save evidence.
• Seek help from parents, teachers, or trusted adults.
• Promote kindness and stand against online abuse.

2. Describe the various threats that cybersecurity measures aim to defend against.

Answer: Cybersecurity protects systems, networks, and data from digital threats.

• Malware: Harmful software such as viruses, worms, and trojans.
• Phishing: Fake emails or messages that steal personal information.
• Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS): Attacks that overload systems and shut down services.
• Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: Intercepting communication over unsecured networks.
• Ransomware: Locks files and demands payment for access.
• Insider Threats: Employees misusing access to data.

Cybersecurity ensures data protection, system availability, and prevention of financial loss.

3. Explain the role of cybercrime laws in addressing illegal activities conducted through digital tools.

Answer: Cybercrime laws regulate and control crimes committed using computers and the internet.

• Defining Digital Crimes: Clearly identifies hacking, identity theft, cyberstalking, and malware attacks as crimes.
• Deterrence: Punishments discourage criminals from illegal activities.
• Legal Action: Provides authority to investigate and prosecute cybercriminals.
• Victim Protection: Allows victims to report crimes and seek justice.

4. Analyze the cultural impact of computing technologies. How do these technologies facilitate global connectivity and cultural exchange?

Answer: Computing technologies have reshaped culture by changing communication, creativity, and global interaction.

• Digital Culture: New forms of expression through social media, videos, and online content.
• Cultural Preservation: Digital libraries and archives protect historical records.
• Global Connectivity: Instant communication through messaging and video calls.
• Cultural Exchange: Sharing traditions, ideas, and lifestyles worldwide.

5. Examine the effects of the digital divide on access to information. How does this divide affect education, employment, and healthcare?

Answer: The digital divide is the gap between people with access to digital technology and those without it.

• Education: Students without internet access face difficulties in online learning and research.
• Employment: Limited access reduces job opportunities and digital skills.
• Healthcare: Lack of access prevents use of online health information and telemedicine services.

This divide increases inequality and limits access to essential services.